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Showing posts with label disease outbreak news. Show all posts
Showing posts with label disease outbreak news. Show all posts
Wednesday, 3 September 2014
Preparedness of your trip [aspect of infection control]
Friday, 15 November 2013
Disease outbreak news on 15th November, 2013
Human infection with avian influenza A ( H6N1 ) virus – update
Disease outbreak news
Today, Taiwan’s CDC published an epidemiological analysis of that case in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, which highlights the need to be prepared for known novel influenza threats (like H5N1, H7N9, H3N2v), but also for something emerging from out of left field (which is exactly what happened with the swine-origin H1N1 pandemic virus of 2009).
Sung-Hsi Wei*, Ji-Rong Yang*, Ho-Sheng Wu*, Ming-Chuan Chang*, Jen-Shiou Lin, Chi-Yung Lin, Yu-Lun Liu, Yi-Chun Lo, Chin-Hui Yang, Jen-Hsiang Chuang, Min-Cheng Lin, Wen-Chen Chung, Chia-Hung Liao, Min-Shiuh Lee, Wan-Ting Huang, Pei-Jung Chen, Ming-Tsan Liu, Feng-Yee Chang
Background
Avian influenza A H6N1 virus is one of the most common viruses isolated from wild and domestic avian species, but human infection with this virus has not been previously reported. We report the clinical presentation, contact, and environmental investigations of a patient infected with this virus, and assess the origin and genetic characteristics of the isolated virus.
Methods
A 20-year-old woman with an influenza-like illness presented to a hospital with shortness of breath in May, 2013. An unsubtyped influenza A virus was isolated from her throat-swab specimen and was transferred to the Taiwan Centres for Disease Control (CDC) for identification. The medical records were reviewed to assess the clinical presentation. We did a contact and environmental investigation and collected clinical specimens from the case and symptomatic contacts to test for influenza virus. The genomic sequences of the isolated virus were determined and characterised.
Findings
The unsubtyped influenza A virus was identified as the H6N1 subtype, based on sequences of the genes encoding haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The source of infection was not established. Sequence analyses showed that this human isolate was highly homologous to chicken H6N1 viruses in Taiwan and had been generated through interclade reassortment. Notably, the virus had a G228S substitution in the haemagglutinin protein that might increase its affinity for the human α2-6 linked sialic acid receptor.
Interpretation
This is the first report of human infection with a wild avian influenza A H6N1 virus. A unique clade of H6N1 viruses with a G228S substitution of haemagglutinin have circulated persistently in poultry in Taiwan. These viruses continue to evolve and accumulate changes, increasing the potential risk of human-to-human transmission. Our report highlights the continuous need for preparedness for a pandemic of unpredictable and complex avian influenza.
Funding
Taiwan Centres for Disease Control.
Reference สามารถอ่านเพิ่มเติมที่วารสารการแพทย์ The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(13)70221-2/abstract
Disease outbreak news
Today, Taiwan’s CDC published an epidemiological analysis of that case in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine, which highlights the need to be prepared for known novel influenza threats (like H5N1, H7N9, H3N2v), but also for something emerging from out of left field (which is exactly what happened with the swine-origin H1N1 pandemic virus of 2009).
Concerned infectious area
Model of avian influenza virus
Influenza virus and its components under the microscope
Abstract ใน The Lancet Respiratory Medicine Journal
Human infection with avian influenza A H6N1 virus: an epidemiological analysis
Sung-Hsi Wei*, Ji-Rong Yang*, Ho-Sheng Wu*, Ming-Chuan Chang*, Jen-Shiou Lin, Chi-Yung Lin, Yu-Lun Liu, Yi-Chun Lo, Chin-Hui Yang, Jen-Hsiang Chuang, Min-Cheng Lin, Wen-Chen Chung, Chia-Hung Liao, Min-Shiuh Lee, Wan-Ting Huang, Pei-Jung Chen, Ming-Tsan Liu, Feng-Yee Chang
Background
Avian influenza A H6N1 virus is one of the most common viruses isolated from wild and domestic avian species, but human infection with this virus has not been previously reported. We report the clinical presentation, contact, and environmental investigations of a patient infected with this virus, and assess the origin and genetic characteristics of the isolated virus.
Methods
A 20-year-old woman with an influenza-like illness presented to a hospital with shortness of breath in May, 2013. An unsubtyped influenza A virus was isolated from her throat-swab specimen and was transferred to the Taiwan Centres for Disease Control (CDC) for identification. The medical records were reviewed to assess the clinical presentation. We did a contact and environmental investigation and collected clinical specimens from the case and symptomatic contacts to test for influenza virus. The genomic sequences of the isolated virus were determined and characterised.
Findings
The unsubtyped influenza A virus was identified as the H6N1 subtype, based on sequences of the genes encoding haemagglutinin and neuraminidase. The source of infection was not established. Sequence analyses showed that this human isolate was highly homologous to chicken H6N1 viruses in Taiwan and had been generated through interclade reassortment. Notably, the virus had a G228S substitution in the haemagglutinin protein that might increase its affinity for the human α2-6 linked sialic acid receptor.
Interpretation
This is the first report of human infection with a wild avian influenza A H6N1 virus. A unique clade of H6N1 viruses with a G228S substitution of haemagglutinin have circulated persistently in poultry in Taiwan. These viruses continue to evolve and accumulate changes, increasing the potential risk of human-to-human transmission. Our report highlights the continuous need for preparedness for a pandemic of unpredictable and complex avian influenza.
Funding
Taiwan Centres for Disease Control.
Migratory birds get in contact with domestic birds, and transmit infection to them
Reference สามารถอ่านเพิ่มเติมที่วารสารการแพทย์ The Lancet Respiratory Medicine
http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(13)70221-2/abstract
Monday, 11 November 2013
Disease outbreak news on 11th November, 2013
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) - update
Disease outbreak news
Diagram, show viral replication mechanism
Disease outbreak news
11 NOVEMBER 2013 - WHO has been informed of two additional laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Saudi Arabia.
Concerned infectious area
The first patient is a 72-year-old man from Riyadh with underlying medical conditions. He became ill on 23 October 2013, and has been hospitalised since 31 October 2013. The second patient is a 43-year-old man from Jeddah. He became ill on 27 October 2013 and has been hospitalised since 3 November 2013.
Globally, from September 2012 to date, WHO has been informed of a total of 153 laboratory-confirmed cases of infection with MERS-CoV, including 64 deaths.
Virology morphology
Virology morphology
Based on the current situation and available information, WHO encourages all Member States to continue their surveillance for severe acute respiratory infections (SARI) and to carefully review any unusual patterns.
Health care providers are advised to maintain vigilance. Recent travellers returning from the Middle East who develop SARI should be tested for MERS-CoV as advised in the current surveillance recommendations.
Patients diagnosed and reported to date have had respiratory disease as their primary illness. Diarrhoea is commonly reported among the patients and severe complications include renal failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) with shock. It is possible that severely immunocompromised patients can present with atypical signs and symptoms.
Diagram, show viral replication mechanism
Health care facilities are reminded of the importance of systematic implementation of infection prevention and control (IPC). Health care facilities that provide care for patients suspected or confirmed with MERS-CoV infection should take appropriate measures to decrease the risk of transmission of the virus to other patients, health care workers and visitors.
All Member States are reminded to promptly assess and notify WHO of any new case of infection with MERS-CoV, along with information about potential exposures that may have resulted in infection and a description of the clinical course. Investigation into the source of exposure should promptly be initiated to identify the mode of exposure, so that further transmission of the virus can be prevented.
WHO does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event nor does it currently recommend the application of any travel or trade restrictions.
WHO has convened an Emergency Committee under the International Health Regulations (IHR) to advise the Director-General on the status of the current situation. The Emergency Committee, which comprises international experts from all WHO Regions, unanimously advised that, with the information now available, and using a risk-assessment approach, the conditions for a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) have not at present been met.
Reference from WHO, Global Alert and Response (GAR) wrote on 11th November, 2013
Friday, 18 October 2013
Disease outbreak news on 16th October 2013
Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus – update
16 OCTOBER 2013 - The National Health and Family Planning Commission, China notified WHO of a new laboratory-confirmed case of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus. This is the first new confirmed case of human infection with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus since 11 August 2013.
The patient is a 35-year-old man from Zhejiang Province. He was admitted to a hospital on 8 October 2013 and is in a critical condition. Additionally, a previously laboratory-confirmed patient from Hebei has died.
Concerned infectious area
To date, WHO has been informed of a total of 136 laboratory-confirmed human cases with avian influenza A(H7N9) virus infection including 45 deaths. Currently, three patients are hospitalized and 88 have been discharged. So far, there is no evidence of sustainable human-to-human transmission.
Model of Avian influenza A virus (H7N9)
The Chinese government continues to take strict monitoring, prevention and control measures, including: strengthening of epidemic surveillance and analysis; deployment of medical treatment; conducting public risk communication and information dissemination; strengthening international cooperation and exchanges; and is continuing to carry out scientific research.
WHO does not advise special screening at points of entry with regard to this event, nor does it currently recommend any travel or trade restrictions.
Reference from WHO, Global Alert and Response (GAR) wrote on 16 October, 2013
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